英诗简介 - 回应版主
看到版主Andy如此煞费苦心，提高大家对英文诗歌的兴趣，我也有些手痒，来捧捧场。 下面这篇文章是我学poetry时找到的， 可惜忘记了网站地址。 这个文章是有JPG格式的， 更加容易理解， 谁需要的话， 请留言。 括号里的文字是我自己的一点理解和补充， 不尽详实之处， 望大家不吝赐教。 唯抛砖引玉而）
Metrics in English Poetry By Samuel Schuman, Univ. of MN, Morris
MetricsHow to go about the analysis of the rhythm, the meter and the rhyme scheme of an English poem.
(作者通篇都是用下面这首简单的小诗来介绍诗歌)
A Stupid Poem
I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man Whose hat was in his hand.
First, divide the lines into syllables(音节), and count them:
I / put / my / hat / up/on / my / head (8) And / walked / in/to / the / strand (6) And / there / I / met / a/noth/er / man (8) Whose / hat / was / in / his / hand (6)
(诗歌分析的第一步是划分 音节。 对我们这样非英语母语的人可能有点困难。 基本的方法是一个元音一个音节， 例如 upon是两个音节，another是三个音节。 有的时候诗人为了强调方言等原因， 会使用省略字， 这种情况就要具体问题具体分析了。 也有的时候是为了凑音节而省略的)
Which syllables are accented or “stressed?”(重读)
“Stress” in English poetic metrics means “said loudly.” It has nothing to do with the tension in your life. The symbol u means unstressed; the symbol / means stressed(诗歌里的重读，与一个单词本身发音里的重读未必是一回事。 一般来说，重读的词，都是有实际意义， 在句子中起重要作用的词。 只要听清重读的词，就能够理解一句话的意思。 比如第一句， 听清了 put/hat/pon/head 这四个字就大致知道说的是什么， 而只听清楚 I/my/u/my 这四个字的话......)
u / u / u / u /
u / u / u / u / I put my hat upon my head u / u / u / And walked into the strand u / u / u / u / And there I met another man u / u / u / Whose hat was in his hand
Notice the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables:
In this poem, there is a repeated pattern of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable: (在这首诗里面， 总是一个重读的音节跟着一个非重读的音节)
I PUT / my HAT / upON / my HEAD
The smallest unit (always 2 or 3 syllables) of repeated patterned stress is called a “poetic foot.”(音步? 我译的对吗？) Here, the first foot is “I put” the second “my hat” and so on.(若干个重读/非重读的音节重复出现，就构成了诗歌里最小的组成部分 - 音步)
In this idiotic poem, the lines are made up of alternating numbers of “feet:” Line 1 has 4 feet, line 2 has 3 feet, line 3 has 4 feet, and line 4 has 3 feet.(这首诗的音步是交替的 四音步/三音步)
Here, I’ve indicated the “feet:”
I put * my hat * upon * my head (4 ft.) And walked * into * the strand (3) And there * I met * anoth*er man (4) Whose hat * was in * his hand (3)
Types of Poetic Feet
u / Iambic (抑扬格) - unstressed, stresssed (u /) - re peat
/ u Trochaic (扬抑格) - (/ u) - un it
u u / Anapestic(抑抑扬格) - (u u /) - in ter cede
/ u u Dactylic(抑扬扬格) - (/ u u) - wash ing ton (这个单词字典上没查到，是我自己杜撰的）
/ / Spondaic（扬扬格） - (/ /) - heart break
Types of Poetic Lines (Number of Feet)(下面就简单了，学过字根的应该都认识哦。 单音步，二音步，以次类推。）Monometer - 1 foot (e.g. “I put.”) Dimeter - 2 (I put my hat) Trimeter - 3 (I put my hat upon) Tetrameter - 4 (I put my hat upon my head) Pentameter - 5 Hexameter - 6 Heptameter - 7So...for example, “trochaic tetrameter(扬抑格四音步）” is a line with 4 feet (8 syllables) with a pattern of stress-unstress in each foot: (一句题外话， 中文的什么 五音步抑扬格， 除了考试，还得是中文考试，或者骗骗MM, 一点用处也没有。)
/ u * / u * / u * / u Lovely Morris figures rebates
and, “iambic pentameter” means five feet (10 syllables) with each foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable:
u / * u / * u /*u /* u / “Which alters when it alteration finds”
Most of Shakespeare’s verse is “iambic pentameter.” (知道莎翁用的大部分是 五音步抑扬格，就可以开始骗人喽)
What is the form of the “stupid poem” we have been examining?
u / u / u / u / I put * my hat * upon * my head u / u / u / And walked * into * the strand u / u / u / u / And there * I met *anoth*er man u / u / u / Whose hat * was in * his hand.
ANSWER:It is all iambic, with alternating lines of TETRAMETER (4 feet - lines 1 & 3) and TRIMETER (3 feet - lines 2 & 4). No problem, right?
And now, for something easier--
Rhyme Schemes(韵律安排？)The sound of the last syllable of every line is assigned a letter, beginning with “a”(韵律划分是诗歌分析的关键。 每一行的最后一个音节是一个韵律，用字母表示。 第一个韵律是a, 以次类推。 遇到和前面重复的韵律就用和前面相同的字母标记。)
I put my hat upon my head (a) And walked into the strand (b) And there I met another man (c) Whose hat was in his hand (b) The rhyme scheme is: a b c b
Stanzas(节）
The combination of rhythm (that is, “iambic, trochaic, dactylic”, etc.), meter (that is, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, etc.), and rhyme scheme (for example, “a b c b”) can create certain stanzaic forms which have become accepted poetic conventions.(又是一个很重要的概念。 简单的说，一个 rhyme scheme 就可以当作一个 stanza)
Some of these historically important stanza forms in English poetry are:
Couplets(对句)Any two lines which rhyme, regardless of rhythm and meter(couplets 是诗歌最早的形式，压韵即可)
Example of a COUPLET
Candy Is dandy
Heroic Couplet(我找不到准确的译法，好象是 英雄双句体)Two lines which rhyme (a couplet) which are written in iambic pentameter. The “Heroic Couplet” was the dominant form of English poetry in the 18th century, and lots of authors from Chaucer to the present have used this form.
Example of an HEROIC COUPLET
Say first, of God above, or man below What can we reason, but from what we know?
(from Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man )
Quatrains(四行诗)
Any stanza with 4 lines
Candy Is dandy But liquor Is quicker.
Ballad Stanza(???)
A “quatrain” with alternating tetrameter and trimeter E.g., the idiotic poem we have been studying! I put my hat upon my head And walked into the strand And there I met another man Whose hat was in his hand.
A serious example of BALLAD STANZA
The king sits in Dumferline town, Drinking the blood-red wine: “O where will I get a good sailor To sail this ship of mine?”
from anonymous, Sir Patrick Spens (after 1200)
The Sonnet(十四行诗)
14 lines Iambic pentameter Two main types:
Italian or Petrarchan( 彼特拉克体十四行诗) - Two quatrains plus a “sestet” (6 line unit) - often abba abba cdecde
English or Shakespearean(莎士比亚体十四行诗) - Three quatrains plus a couplet - often abab cdcd efef gg
An Italian Sonnet
Divers doth use, as I have heard and know, When that to change their ladies do begin To mourne and wail, and never for to lin, Hoping thereby to pease their painful woe. And some there be, that when it chanceth so That women change and hate where love hath been, They call them false and think with words to win The hearts of them which otherwhere doth grow. But as for me, though that by chance indeed Change hath outworn the favor that I had, I will not wail, lament, nor yet be sad, Nor call her false that falsely did me feed, But let it pass, and think it is of kind That often change doth please a woman’s mind. Wyatt, Divers Doth Use (c. 1540)
A Shakespearean Sonnet
That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. In me thou seest the twilight of such day As after sunset fadeth in the west; Which by and by black night doth take away, Death’s second self that seals up all the rest. In me thou seest the glowing of such fire, That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire, Consumed with that which it was nourished by. This thou perceiv’st which makes thy love more strong, To love that well, which thou must leave ere long. (1609)
Blank Verse(无韵诗)
Unrhymed iambic pentameter Torment, sweet friend, that base and aged man That durst dissuade me from thy Lucifer, With greatest torments that our hell affords. Marlowe, Dr. Faustus (1604)
Some other stanzaic forms
Rime royal - 7 lines, iambic pentameter, rhyming ababbcc Ottava rima - 8 lines rhyming abababcc Spencerian stanza - 9 lines, rhyming ababbcbcc, first 8 lines iambic pentameter, line 9 iambic hexameter You don’t need to know these !!!
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